Age and gender differences in factors related to depressive symptoms among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly people

This study was conducted to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms among males and females in two age groups; the middle-aged (40-59 years) and elderly (60-79 years). Subjects were 2 211 community-dwelling people (1 115 males and 1 096 females). Depressive symptoms were estimated by Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Marital status, self-rated health, activities of daily living, age awareness, locus of control, and social support were assessed using self-administered questionnaires and interviews. In all groups, poor subjective health and external locus of control showed significant positive association with depressive symptoms. Age awareness was associated with depressive symptoms in female groups. Impairment of instrumental activities of daily living and lower social support were associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly groups. The findings suggested that there might be age and gender differences in the impact of factors associated with depressive symptoms.