TY - CHAP
T1 - Changes in the industrial organization
T2 - Rise of spin-outs
AU - Shimizu, Hiroshi
N1 - Funding Information:
and radar. Lasers and related research areas received financial support from the U.S. Department of Defense as far back as the 1950s. In the latter half of the 1960s, however, the Department of Defense’s R&D expenditure decreased due to the impact of the Vietnam War. Between 1975 and 1985, the number of major firms in the defense industry decreased from 15 to 5 firms.41 Despite this decreasing trend, lasers were considered strategically important technologies.42When Ronald Reagan took office as president in 1981, the White House, with encouragement from Edward Teller of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, launched a strategic defense initiative (SDI: Strategic Defense Initiatives) as known as the Star Wars Project in 1984. Laser technology was one of the most important element technologies of this strategic defense initiative. As a result, substantial financial support for R&D was allocated to laser diodes research.43 For example, the government provided significant R&D funding to MIT Lincoln Laboratory to support development of a light-weight microchip laser for optical communications in space.44The Department of Energy of the U.S. and its predecessor, the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), provided R&D funds to promote the R&D of nuclear energy and other energy technologies. Since lasers were considered an important base technology for energy-related developments, particularly in laser fusion, quite a lot of R&D investments were made. These governmental agencies opened up ample opportunities for scientists and engineers to propose new ideas, receive funding, and commercialize.45
Funding Information:
In addition to capital supply from venture capital, research funding from U.S.D ARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and the Department of Energy prompted startups.40The laser had many applications such as missile homing
Publisher Copyright:
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - As we have seen, laser diode R&D emerged primarily for optical communication applications. Due to technological developments in optical fibers, the wavelength resulting in the least transmission loss changed from short wavelengths of the 800-nm range to longer wavelength of 1300-nm and 1550-nm ranges. Therefore, more focus was given to R&D to develop laser diodes that would make high-speed, high-capacity optical communication possible at those longer wavelengths. To that end, scientists and engineers at telecommunications R&D facilities developed longer-wavelength laser diodes. Simultaneously, however, scientists and engineers began to develop shorter-wavelength laser diodes for optical information recording and processing, as more information could be processed with shorter-wavelength laser diodes.
AB - As we have seen, laser diode R&D emerged primarily for optical communication applications. Due to technological developments in optical fibers, the wavelength resulting in the least transmission loss changed from short wavelengths of the 800-nm range to longer wavelength of 1300-nm and 1550-nm ranges. Therefore, more focus was given to R&D to develop laser diodes that would make high-speed, high-capacity optical communication possible at those longer wavelengths. To that end, scientists and engineers at telecommunications R&D facilities developed longer-wavelength laser diodes. Simultaneously, however, scientists and engineers began to develop shorter-wavelength laser diodes for optical information recording and processing, as more information could be processed with shorter-wavelength laser diodes.
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U2 - 10.1007/978-981-13-3714-7_11
DO - 10.1007/978-981-13-3714-7_11
M3 - Chapter
AN - SCOPUS:85078738924
T3 - Advances in Japanese Business and Economics
SP - 189
EP - 218
BT - Advances in Japanese Business and Economics
PB - Springer
ER -