TY - JOUR
T1 - Contribution of upper trunk rotation to hand forward-backward movement and propulsion in front crawl strokes
AU - Kudo, Shigetada
AU - Mastuda, Yuji
AU - Yanai, Toshimasa
AU - Sakurai, Yoshihisa
AU - Ikuta, Yasushi
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors are grateful to Dr Hiroshi Ichikawa, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , for supporting the measurements in the present study and to Mr Flex Chia, Republic Polytechnic, for providing artwork and to Republic Polytechnic for financially supporting this research. This work was supported by MEXT KAKENHI under Grant 26750301 .
Funding Information:
The authors are grateful to Dr Hiroshi Ichikawa, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, for supporting the measurements in the present study and to Mr Flex Chia, Republic Polytechnic, for providing artwork and to Republic Polytechnic for financially supporting this research. This work was supported by MEXT KAKENHI under Grant 26750301. The authors have no conflict of interest to the manuscript entitled “Contribution of upper trunk rotation to hand forward-backward movement and propulsion in front crawl strokes”.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2019/8
Y1 - 2019/8
N2 - The study aims to test three hypotheses: (a) the rotation of the upper trunk consists of roll, pitch and yaw of frequencies harmonic to the stroke frequency of the front crawl stroke, (b) the rotation of the upper trunk generates back-and-forth movements of the shoulders, which enhances the movements of the stroking arms, and (c) the angular velocities of roll, pitch and yaw are associated with hand propulsion (HP). Front crawl strokes performed by twenty male swimmers were measured with a motion capture system. The roll, pitch and yaw angles about the three orthogonal axes embedded in the upper trunk were determined as three sequential Cardan angles and their angular velocities were determined as the three respective components of the angular velocity. HP and the drag and lift components of HP (HPD and HPL) were estimated by the hand positions and the data from twelve pressure sensors attached on hands. The roll, pitch, and yaw angles were altered in frequencies harmonic to the stroke frequency during the front crawl stroke. Shoulders alternately moved back and forth due to the upper trunk rotation. In the pull phase the angular velocity of roll was correlated with HPL (r = −0.62, p = 0.004). Based on the back-and-forth movements of the shoulders and roll motion relative to a hand movement, the arm-stroke technique of the front crawl swimming was discussed in terms of increasing the hand velocity and HP.
AB - The study aims to test three hypotheses: (a) the rotation of the upper trunk consists of roll, pitch and yaw of frequencies harmonic to the stroke frequency of the front crawl stroke, (b) the rotation of the upper trunk generates back-and-forth movements of the shoulders, which enhances the movements of the stroking arms, and (c) the angular velocities of roll, pitch and yaw are associated with hand propulsion (HP). Front crawl strokes performed by twenty male swimmers were measured with a motion capture system. The roll, pitch and yaw angles about the three orthogonal axes embedded in the upper trunk were determined as three sequential Cardan angles and their angular velocities were determined as the three respective components of the angular velocity. HP and the drag and lift components of HP (HPD and HPL) were estimated by the hand positions and the data from twelve pressure sensors attached on hands. The roll, pitch, and yaw angles were altered in frequencies harmonic to the stroke frequency during the front crawl stroke. Shoulders alternately moved back and forth due to the upper trunk rotation. In the pull phase the angular velocity of roll was correlated with HPL (r = −0.62, p = 0.004). Based on the back-and-forth movements of the shoulders and roll motion relative to a hand movement, the arm-stroke technique of the front crawl swimming was discussed in terms of increasing the hand velocity and HP.
KW - Dynamic pressure approach
KW - Pitch
KW - Roll
KW - Upper trunk coordinate system
KW - Yaw
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U2 - 10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.023
DO - 10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.023
M3 - Article
C2 - 31176258
AN - SCOPUS:85066992273
SN - 0167-9457
VL - 66
SP - 467
EP - 476
JO - Human Movement Science
JF - Human Movement Science
ER -