Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects

M. Amenomori; X. J. Bi; D. Chen; S. W. Cui; Danzengluobu; L. K. Ding; X. H. Ding; C. Fan; C. F. Feng; Zhaoyang Feng; Z. Y. Feng; X. Y. Gao; Q. X. Geng; H. W. Guo; H. H. He; M. He; K. Hibino; N. Hotta; Haibing Hu; H. B. Hu; J. Huang; Q. Huang; H. Y. Jia; F. Kajino; K. Kasahara; Y. Katayose; C. Kato; K. Kawata; Labaciren; G. M. Le; A. F. Li; J. Y. Li; Y. Q. Lou; H. Lu; S. L. Lu; X. R. Meng; K. Mizutani; J. Mu; K. Munakata; A. Nagai; H. Nanjo; M. Nishizawa; M. Ohnishi; I. Ohta; H. Onuma; T. Ouchi; Shunsuke Ozawa; J. R. Ren; T. Saito; T. Y. Saito; M. Sakata; T. K. Sako; M. Shibata; A. Shiomi; T. Shirai; H. Sugimoto; M. Takita; Y. H. Tan; N. Tateyama; Shoji Torii; H. Tsuchiya; S. Udo; B. Wang; H. Wang; X. Wang; Y. Wang; Y. G. Wang; H. R. Wu; L. Xue; Y. Yamamoto; C. T. Yan; X. C. Yang; S. Yasue; Z. H. Ye; G. C. Yu; A. F. Yuan; T. Yuda; H. M. Zhang; J. L. Zhang; N. J. Zhang; X. Y. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Yizhang; Zhaxisangzhu; X. X. Zhou

doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029

Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects

M. Amenomori, X. J. Bi, D. Chen, S. W. Cui, Danzengluobu, L. K. Ding, X. H. Ding, C. Fan, C. F. Feng, Zhaoyang Feng, Z. Y. Feng, X. Y. Gao, Q. X. Geng, H. W. Guo, H. H. He, M. He, K. Hibino, N. Hotta, Haibing Hu, H. B. HuJ. Huang, Q. Huang, H. Y. Jia, F. Kajino, K. Kasahara, Y. Katayose^*, C. Kato, K. Kawata, Labaciren, G. M. Le, A. F. Li, J. Y. Li, Y. Q. Lou, H. Lu, S. L. Lu, X. R. Meng, K. Mizutani, J. Mu, K. Munakata, A. Nagai, H. Nanjo, M. Nishizawa, M. Ohnishi, I. Ohta, H. Onuma, T. Ouchi, Shunsuke Ozawa, J. R. Ren, T. Saito, T. Y. Saito, M. Sakata, T. K. Sako, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, T. Shirai, H. Sugimoto, M. Takita, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, Shoji Torii, H. Tsuchiya, S. Udo, B. Wang, H. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. G. Wang, H. R. Wu, L. Xue, Y. Yamamoto, C. T. Yan, X. C. Yang, S. Yasue, Z. H. Ye, G. C. Yu, A. F. Yuan, T. Yuda, H. M. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, N. J. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yizhang, Zhaxisangzhu, X. X. Zhou

^*Corresponding author for this work

Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

38 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The observation of the extensive air showers has been carried out since 1990 by Tibet air-shower array to study the origin of the cosmic-rays. In order to investigate the chemical composition around the knee, air-shower core detector was used in two experimental phases aiming to separate light primary elements (proton and helium). In a first phase experiment made in 1996-1999, primary proton and helium spectra were measured using a hybrid detector consisted of Tibet II air-shower array, emulsion chambers, and burst detectors. The result indicated that the fraction of light elements among the all particle spectrum is less than 30%. We performed the second phase experiment in 2002-2005 to measure proton + helium together to confirm the previous result with higher statistics by improving the detection efficiency for the air-shower cores. The P + He spectrum was obtained in a good agreement with previous result by several times higher statistics. The flux of the light elements, together with the all-particle energy spectrum, indicates the dominance of nuclei heavier than helium in the energy range around the knee. We also present the outline of the next phase experiment, which is to measure the heavy elements around the knee, using low threshold air-shower core detector named YAC.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	629-639
Number of pages	11
Journal	Advances in Space Research
Volume	47
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029
Publication status	Published - 2011 Feb 15

Keywords

Cosmic-rays
Knee region
Proton and helium spectra

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Aerospace Engineering
Space and Planetary Science

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10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029

Cite this

Amenomori, M., Bi, X. J., Chen, D., Cui, S. W., Danzengluobu, Ding, L. K., Ding, X. H., Fan, C., Feng, C. F., Feng, Z., Feng, Z. Y., Gao, X. Y., Geng, Q. X., Guo, H. W., He, H. H., He, M., Hibino, K., Hotta, N., Hu, H., ... Zhou, X. X. (2011). Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects. Advances in Space Research, 47(4), 629-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029

Amenomori, M, Bi, XJ, Chen, D, Cui, SW, Danzengluobu, Ding, LK, Ding, XH, Fan, C, Feng, CF, Feng, Z, Feng, ZY, Gao, XY, Geng, QX, Guo, HW, He, HH, He, M, Hibino, K, Hotta, N, Hu, H, Hu, HB, Huang, J, Huang, Q, Jia, HY, Kajino, F, Kasahara, K, Katayose, Y, Kato, C, Kawata, K, Labaciren, Le, GM, Li, AF, Li, JY, Lou, YQ, Lu, H, Lu, SL, Meng, XR, Mizutani, K, Mu, J, Munakata, K, Nagai, A, Nanjo, H, Nishizawa, M, Ohnishi, M, Ohta, I, Onuma, H, Ouchi, T, Ozawa, S, Ren, JR, Saito, T, Saito, TY, Sakata, M, Sako, TK, Shibata, M, Shiomi, A, Shirai, T, Sugimoto, H, Takita, M, Tan, YH, Tateyama, N, Torii, S, Tsuchiya, H, Udo, S, Wang, B, Wang, H, Wang, X, Wang, Y, Wang, YG, Wu, HR, Xue, L, Yamamoto, Y, Yan, CT, Yang, XC, Yasue, S, Ye, ZH, Yu, GC, Yuan, AF, Yuda, T, Zhang, HM, Zhang, JL, Zhang, NJ, Zhang, XY, Zhang, Y, Yizhang, Zhaxisangzhu & Zhou, XX 2011, 'Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects', Advances in Space Research, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 629-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029

@article{d948864c1a16448ab5e3765237010161,

title = "Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects",

abstract = "The observation of the extensive air showers has been carried out since 1990 by Tibet air-shower array to study the origin of the cosmic-rays. In order to investigate the chemical composition around the knee, air-shower core detector was used in two experimental phases aiming to separate light primary elements (proton and helium). In a first phase experiment made in 1996-1999, primary proton and helium spectra were measured using a hybrid detector consisted of Tibet II air-shower array, emulsion chambers, and burst detectors. The result indicated that the fraction of light elements among the all particle spectrum is less than 30%. We performed the second phase experiment in 2002-2005 to measure proton + helium together to confirm the previous result with higher statistics by improving the detection efficiency for the air-shower cores. The P + He spectrum was obtained in a good agreement with previous result by several times higher statistics. The flux of the light elements, together with the all-particle energy spectrum, indicates the dominance of nuclei heavier than helium in the energy range around the knee. We also present the outline of the next phase experiment, which is to measure the heavy elements around the knee, using low threshold air-shower core detector named YAC.",

keywords = "Cosmic-rays, Knee region, Proton and helium spectra",

author = "M. Amenomori and Bi, {X. J.} and D. Chen and Cui, {S. W.} and Danzengluobu and Ding, {L. K.} and Ding, {X. H.} and C. Fan and Feng, {C. F.} and Zhaoyang Feng and Feng, {Z. Y.} and Gao, {X. Y.} and Geng, {Q. X.} and Guo, {H. W.} and He, {H. H.} and M. He and K. Hibino and N. Hotta and Haibing Hu and Hu, {H. B.} and J. Huang and Q. Huang and Jia, {H. Y.} and F. Kajino and K. Kasahara and Y. Katayose and C. Kato and K. Kawata and Labaciren and Le, {G. M.} and Li, {A. F.} and Li, {J. Y.} and Lou, {Y. Q.} and H. Lu and Lu, {S. L.} and Meng, {X. R.} and K. Mizutani and J. Mu and K. Munakata and A. Nagai and H. Nanjo and M. Nishizawa and M. Ohnishi and I. Ohta and H. Onuma and T. Ouchi and Shunsuke Ozawa and Ren, {J. R.} and T. Saito and Saito, {T. Y.} and M. Sakata and Sako, {T. K.} and M. Shibata and A. Shiomi and T. Shirai and H. Sugimoto and M. Takita and Tan, {Y. H.} and N. Tateyama and Shoji Torii and H. Tsuchiya and S. Udo and B. Wang and H. Wang and X. Wang and Y. Wang and Wang, {Y. G.} and Wu, {H. R.} and L. Xue and Y. Yamamoto and Yan, {C. T.} and Yang, {X. C.} and S. Yasue and Ye, {Z. H.} and Yu, {G. C.} and Yuan, {A. F.} and T. Yuda and Zhang, {H. M.} and Zhang, {J. L.} and Zhang, {N. J.} and Zhang, {X. Y.} and Y. Zhang and Yizhang and Zhaxisangzhu and Zhou, {X. X.}",

year = "2011",

month = feb,

day = "15",

doi = "10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029",

language = "English",

volume = "47",

pages = "629--639",

journal = "Advances in Space Research",

issn = "0273-1177",

publisher = "Elsevier Limited",

number = "4",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects

AU - Amenomori, M.

AU - Bi, X. J.

AU - Chen, D.

AU - Cui, S. W.

AU - Danzengluobu,

AU - Ding, L. K.

AU - Ding, X. H.

AU - Fan, C.

AU - Feng, C. F.

AU - Feng, Zhaoyang

AU - Feng, Z. Y.

AU - Gao, X. Y.

AU - Geng, Q. X.

AU - Guo, H. W.

AU - He, H. H.

AU - He, M.

AU - Hibino, K.

AU - Hotta, N.

AU - Hu, Haibing

AU - Hu, H. B.

AU - Huang, J.

AU - Huang, Q.

AU - Jia, H. Y.

AU - Kajino, F.

AU - Kasahara, K.

AU - Katayose, Y.

AU - Kato, C.

AU - Kawata, K.

AU - Labaciren,

AU - Le, G. M.

AU - Li, A. F.

AU - Li, J. Y.

AU - Lou, Y. Q.

AU - Lu, H.

AU - Lu, S. L.

AU - Meng, X. R.

AU - Mizutani, K.

AU - Mu, J.

AU - Munakata, K.

AU - Nagai, A.

AU - Nanjo, H.

AU - Nishizawa, M.

AU - Ohnishi, M.

AU - Ohta, I.

AU - Onuma, H.

AU - Ouchi, T.

AU - Ozawa, Shunsuke

AU - Ren, J. R.

AU - Saito, T.

AU - Saito, T. Y.

AU - Sakata, M.

AU - Sako, T. K.

AU - Shibata, M.

AU - Shiomi, A.

AU - Shirai, T.

AU - Sugimoto, H.

AU - Takita, M.

AU - Tan, Y. H.

AU - Tateyama, N.

AU - Torii, Shoji

AU - Tsuchiya, H.

AU - Udo, S.

AU - Wang, B.

AU - Wang, H.

AU - Wang, X.

AU - Wang, Y.

AU - Wang, Y. G.

AU - Wu, H. R.

AU - Xue, L.

AU - Yamamoto, Y.

AU - Yan, C. T.

AU - Yang, X. C.

AU - Yasue, S.

AU - Ye, Z. H.

AU - Yu, G. C.

AU - Yuan, A. F.

AU - Yuda, T.

AU - Zhang, H. M.

AU - Zhang, J. L.

AU - Zhang, N. J.

AU - Zhang, X. Y.

AU - Zhang, Y.

AU - Yizhang,

AU - Zhaxisangzhu,

AU - Zhou, X. X.

PY - 2011/2/15

Y1 - 2011/2/15

N2 - The observation of the extensive air showers has been carried out since 1990 by Tibet air-shower array to study the origin of the cosmic-rays. In order to investigate the chemical composition around the knee, air-shower core detector was used in two experimental phases aiming to separate light primary elements (proton and helium). In a first phase experiment made in 1996-1999, primary proton and helium spectra were measured using a hybrid detector consisted of Tibet II air-shower array, emulsion chambers, and burst detectors. The result indicated that the fraction of light elements among the all particle spectrum is less than 30%. We performed the second phase experiment in 2002-2005 to measure proton + helium together to confirm the previous result with higher statistics by improving the detection efficiency for the air-shower cores. The P + He spectrum was obtained in a good agreement with previous result by several times higher statistics. The flux of the light elements, together with the all-particle energy spectrum, indicates the dominance of nuclei heavier than helium in the energy range around the knee. We also present the outline of the next phase experiment, which is to measure the heavy elements around the knee, using low threshold air-shower core detector named YAC.

AB - The observation of the extensive air showers has been carried out since 1990 by Tibet air-shower array to study the origin of the cosmic-rays. In order to investigate the chemical composition around the knee, air-shower core detector was used in two experimental phases aiming to separate light primary elements (proton and helium). In a first phase experiment made in 1996-1999, primary proton and helium spectra were measured using a hybrid detector consisted of Tibet II air-shower array, emulsion chambers, and burst detectors. The result indicated that the fraction of light elements among the all particle spectrum is less than 30%. We performed the second phase experiment in 2002-2005 to measure proton + helium together to confirm the previous result with higher statistics by improving the detection efficiency for the air-shower cores. The P + He spectrum was obtained in a good agreement with previous result by several times higher statistics. The flux of the light elements, together with the all-particle energy spectrum, indicates the dominance of nuclei heavier than helium in the energy range around the knee. We also present the outline of the next phase experiment, which is to measure the heavy elements around the knee, using low threshold air-shower core detector named YAC.

KW - Cosmic-rays

KW - Knee region

KW - Proton and helium spectra

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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=79251497769&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029

DO - 10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.029

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:79251497769

SN - 0273-1177

VL - 47

SP - 629

EP - 639

JO - Advances in Space Research

JF - Advances in Space Research

IS - 4

ER -

Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet experiment and future prospects

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Keywords

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