Coupled vector dark energy

We provide a general framework for studying the evolution of background and cosmological perturbations in the presence of a vector field A_μ coupled to cold dark matter (CDM) . We consider an interacting Lagrangian of the form Q f(X) T_c, where Q is a coupling constant, f is an arbitrary function of X=-A_μA^μ/2, and T_c is a trace of the CDM energy-momentum tensor. The matter coupling affects the no-ghost condition and sound speed of linear scalar perturbations deep inside the sound horizon, while those of tensor and vector perturbations are not subject to modifications. The existence of interactions also modifies the no-ghost condition of CDM density perturbations. We propose a concrete model of coupled vector dark energy with the tensor propagation speed equivalent to that of light. In comparison to the Q=0 case, we show that the decay of CDM to the vector field leads to the phantom dark energy equation of state w_DE closer to-1. This alleviates the problem of observational incompatibility of uncoupled models in which w_DE significantly deviates from-1. The maximum values of w_DE reached during the matter era are bounded from the CDM no-ghost condition of future de Sitter solutions.