@inproceedings{caf755a6b7244586afb9930112d1588e,
title = "Culturally-situated pictogram retrieval",
abstract = "This paper studies the patterns of cultural differences observed in pictogram interpretation. We conducted a 14-month online survey in the U.S. and Japan to ask the meaning of 120 pictograms used in a pictogram communication system. A total of 935 respondents in the U.S. and 543 respondents in Japan participated in the survey to submit pictogram interpretations which added up to compose an average of 147 English interpretations and 97 Japanese interpretations per pictogram. Three human judges independently analyzed the English-Japanese pictogram interpretation words, and as a result, 19 pictograms were found to have culturally different interpretations by two or more judges. The following patterns of cultural differences in pictogram interpretation were observed: (1) two cultures share the same underlying concept, but have different perspectives on the concept, (2) two cultures only partially share the same underlying concept, and (3) two cultures do not share any common underlying concept.",
keywords = "Analysis, Cultural difference, Interpretation, Pictogram",
author = "Heeryon Cho and Toru Ishida and Naomi Yamashita and Rieko Inaba and Yumiko Mori and Tomoko Koda",
year = "2007",
doi = "10.1007/978-3-540-74000-1_17",
language = "English",
isbn = "9783540739999",
series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)",
publisher = "Springer Verlag",
pages = "221--235",
booktitle = "Intercultural Collaboration - First International Workshop, IWIC 2007, Invited and Selected Papers",
note = "1st International Workshop on Intercultural Collaboration, IWIC 2007 ; Conference date: 25-01-2007 Through 26-01-2007",
}