TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of diurnal variations in the carbohydrate and fat composition of meals on postprandial glycemic response in healthy adults
T2 - A novel insight for the second-meal phenomenon
AU - Ando, Takafumi
AU - Nakae, Satoshi
AU - Usui, Chiyoko
AU - Yoshimura, Eiichi
AU - Nishi, Nobuo
AU - Takimoto, Hidemi
AU - Tanaka, Shigeho
N1 - Funding Information:
Author’s current information: TA is currently affiliated with the Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan. This study was supported by a grant from the Kao Research Council for the Study of Healthcare Science (to TA) and a Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity start-up (No. 40710976) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (to TA).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 American Society for Nutrition. All rights reserved.
PY - 2018/8/1
Y1 - 2018/8/1
N2 - Background: Meals, particularly carbohydrate intake, determine diurnal blood glucose (BG) excursions. However, the effect of meals with variable carbohydrate content on diurnal BGexcursions remains poorly understood, despite routine consumption of meals that vary daily. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify our hypothesis that glycemic response is elevated when a meal with a higher carbohydrate content follows a meal with a lower carbohydrate content. Design: Thiswas a secondary analysis of a study whose primary endpoint was energy metabolism (e.g., energy expenditure and substrate oxidation). This crossover study was designed to test BG responses to 3 types of meals with different macronutrient contents [regular meals (R), meals with a high-carbohydrate breakfast (CB), and meals with a high-fat breakfast (FB)] using a continuous glucose monitoring system. The R test included 3 meals/d with the same macronutrient composition; the CB test, a high-carbohydrate meal at breakfast, a high-fat meal at lunch, and a high-carbohydrate meal at dinner; and the FB test, a high-fat meal at breakfast, a high-carbohydrate meal at lunch, and a high-carbohydrate meal at dinner. Each test had similar daily macronutrient compositions, except CB and FB had larger variations in carbohydrate content than R. Fourteen healthy young men were tested in random order and underwent whole-body indirect calorimetry. Results: Daily peakBGconcentrations were higher for the CB (mean ± SD: 143.9 ± 25.3 mg/dL) and FB (140.2 ± 24.8 mg/dL) conditions than for the R condition (127.5 ± 15.7 mg/dL). Postprandial BG peaks after a high-carbohydrate meal were ∼20 mg/dL higher when a previous meal was relatively high-fat than when not high-fat (P < 0.05 for all). A multiple regression analysis indicated that the postprandial glycemic response was negatively associated with the preprandial respiratory quotient. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that switching from high-fat to high-carbohydrate meals contributes to larger postprandial BG excursions, along with alterations in prioritization of carbohydrate utilization.
AB - Background: Meals, particularly carbohydrate intake, determine diurnal blood glucose (BG) excursions. However, the effect of meals with variable carbohydrate content on diurnal BGexcursions remains poorly understood, despite routine consumption of meals that vary daily. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify our hypothesis that glycemic response is elevated when a meal with a higher carbohydrate content follows a meal with a lower carbohydrate content. Design: Thiswas a secondary analysis of a study whose primary endpoint was energy metabolism (e.g., energy expenditure and substrate oxidation). This crossover study was designed to test BG responses to 3 types of meals with different macronutrient contents [regular meals (R), meals with a high-carbohydrate breakfast (CB), and meals with a high-fat breakfast (FB)] using a continuous glucose monitoring system. The R test included 3 meals/d with the same macronutrient composition; the CB test, a high-carbohydrate meal at breakfast, a high-fat meal at lunch, and a high-carbohydrate meal at dinner; and the FB test, a high-fat meal at breakfast, a high-carbohydrate meal at lunch, and a high-carbohydrate meal at dinner. Each test had similar daily macronutrient compositions, except CB and FB had larger variations in carbohydrate content than R. Fourteen healthy young men were tested in random order and underwent whole-body indirect calorimetry. Results: Daily peakBGconcentrations were higher for the CB (mean ± SD: 143.9 ± 25.3 mg/dL) and FB (140.2 ± 24.8 mg/dL) conditions than for the R condition (127.5 ± 15.7 mg/dL). Postprandial BG peaks after a high-carbohydrate meal were ∼20 mg/dL higher when a previous meal was relatively high-fat than when not high-fat (P < 0.05 for all). A multiple regression analysis indicated that the postprandial glycemic response was negatively associated with the preprandial respiratory quotient. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that switching from high-fat to high-carbohydrate meals contributes to larger postprandial BG excursions, along with alterations in prioritization of carbohydrate utilization.
KW - A high-fat meal
KW - Blood glucose management
KW - Carbohydrate oxidation
KW - Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
KW - Diurnal variations
KW - Human calorimeter (chamber)
KW - Postprandial glycemic response
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U2 - 10.1093/ajcn/nqy086
DO - 10.1093/ajcn/nqy086
M3 - Article
C2 - 29924301
AN - SCOPUS:85054623782
SN - 0002-9165
VL - 108
SP - 332
EP - 342
JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
IS - 2
ER -