Equilibrium unconstrained low-temperature CO₂ conversion on doped gallium oxides by chemical looping

Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) can convert CO₂ into CO by using renewable hydrogen. However, this important reaction is endothermic and equilibrium constrained, and thus traditionally performed at 900 K or higher temperatures using solid catalysts. In this work, we found that RWGS can be carried out at low temperatures without equilibrium constraints using a redox method called chemical looping (CL), which uses the reduction and oxidation of solid oxide surfaces. When using our developed MGa₂O_x (M = Ni, Cu, Co) materials, the reaction can proceed with almost 100% CO₂ conversion even at temperatures as low as 673 K. This allows RWGS to proceed without equilibrium constraints at low temperatures and greatly decreases the cost for the separation of unreacted CO₂ and produced CO. Our novel gallium-based material is the first material that can achieve high conversion rates at low temperatures in reverse water gas shift using chemical looping (RWGS-CL). Ni outperformed Cu and Co as a dopant, and the redox mechanism of NiGa₂O_x is a phase change due to the redox of Ga during the RWGS-CL process. This major finding is a big step forward for the effective utilization of CO₂ in the future.