@article{6776b685e351480b96ffc79c1e347b78,
title = "Facile fabrication of GCE/Nafion/Ni composite, a robust platform to detect hydrogen peroxide in basic medium via oxidation reaction",
abstract = "Nickel particles alone can oxidize hydrogen peroxide but confronts extreme stability problem which imparts a barrier to act as sensor. The porous Nafion bed on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface provides the sureness of incorporating of Ni particles which was further exploited as an electrochemical sensor for H2O2 detection through oxidative degradation process. The simple electrochemical incorporation of Ni particles along the pores of Nafion improves the stability of the sensor significantly. The oxidative pathway of hydrogen peroxide on GCE/Nafion/Ni was probed by analyzing mass transfer dependent linear sweep voltammograms both in static and rotating modes along with chronoamperometry. An electron transfer step determines the overall reaction rate with k°= 2.72 × 10−4 cm s−1, which is supported by the values of transfer coefficient (β) in between (0.68–0.75). Sensing performance was evaluated by recording differential pulse voltammograms (DPVs) with the linear detection limit (LOD) of 1.8 μM and linear dynamic range (LDR) of 5–500 μM. Real samples from industrial sources were successfully quantified with excellent reproducibility mark GCE/Nafion/Ni electrode as an applicable sensor.",
keywords = "Hydrogen peroxide oxidation, Hydrogen peroxide sensor, Kinetics, Nafion binder, Nickel catalyst",
author = "Islam, {Md Fahamidul} and Islam, {Md Tarikul} and Hasan, {Md Mahmudul} and Rahman, {Mohammed M.} and Yuki Nagao and Hasnat, {Mohammad A.}",
note = "Funding Information: Hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensors are classified into two different types, known as enzymatic based and non-enzymatic electrodes [16,17]. Although an enzymatic sensor is often preferred over the others because of selective response, but they face stability and operating efficiency problems. Meanwhile, nonenzymatic materials including metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides are gaining preferences because of their excellent catalytic response and reproducibility [18,19]. Among them, Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), Nickel (Ni), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), CuO, and ZnO based materials are found to be applied most frequently for hydrogen peroxide detection and degradation in different media [ 20–25]. Beyond a doubt, transition metals are the most favored ones for catalysis but some of them, for instance, Cu and CuO based materials, lack selectivity and show limited activity in terms of repeated applications [23,26]. Conversely, Ni based bimetallic catalysts [27,28], and NiO nano porous materials synthesized by vapor deposition [29], Ni(OH)2 supported with reduced graphene oxide and CNT [30] have been reported as sensitive materials for hydrogen peroxide detection. Compared to the other metal nanoparticles, Ni has eminent property to catalyze hydrogen peroxide [ 31–33]. For instance, A. Noorbakhsh and his research group have reported amperometric detection of H2O2 in neutral medium by using glassy carbon electrode modified with NiO and water-soluble dyes [31]. Meanwhile, P Salazar et al. have developed a sensor using nanoporous NiO catalyst to detected H2O2 in basic medium [33]. Q. Yan et al. amperometrically detected H2O2 in basic medium via oxidation reaction using Ni(OH)2 coated silicon nanowire electrode [7]. Furthermore, appropriate supports are often indispensable to fabricate an efficient electrode in terms of catalytic efficiency and stability. In this regard, carbon nanotube (CNT), and reduced graphene oxide (GO) supported transition metal electrocatalysts are found to be catalytically superior as they provide larger active surface area along with stability for extensive time length [ 34–38]. W Gao and his group have fabricated a sensor based on ternary combination of Ni(OH)2, electro-reduced graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes to detect H2O2 in basic medium [30]. M. A. Zahed et al. synthesized nanocomposite of hexagonal NiO in combination with carboxyl-terminated reduced graphene oxide and drop-casted onto glassy carbon transducer to detect H2O2 [39]. On the other hand, D. Yin et al. used Ni3N nanoparticles instead of NiO and consolidated with 3D graphene aerogels to prepare a composite for electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide [40]. However, fabrication of these types of electrodes is time consuming, and requires complex procedure with sophisticated and expensive instrumentation. Along with complex synthetic process, some electrodes face poor detection limit and low sensitivity [33]. It is worthwhile to be noted that the analyte H2O2 is detected with Ni-based electrodes via either oxidation or reduction reaction using the non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors. Between these reaction pathways, the oxidative process requires low overpotential with better current response and, most importantly, does not have inference of molecular oxygen. However, one of the great problems of using direct nickel based electrocatalytic sensors is that these catalysts often show reproducibility and stability problems, or these problems are ignored in the previous articles. Meanwhile, to the best of our knowledge, the required kinetic analysis in establishing mechanistic pathway of deprotonated hydrogen peroxide (HO2−) oxidation in basic medium remained unexplored in sensor field. Thus, in this study, we took attempts to resolve the stability problem of Nickel particles immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface pertaining to H2O2 oxidation in the basic medium. In this regard, we have developed a highly simple GCE/Nafion/Ni composite which can be considered as an example of easy way of fabrication, cost effectiveness, compatibility, and selectivity towards H2O2 detection. In this article, we have discussed how the introduction of Nafion binder improves the catalytic durability of nickel particles in attaining hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction over a GCE surface. Additionally, we have discussed oxidation pathway of H2O2 in the basic medium over developed sensor with relevant kinetic investigations. Concisely, in the present study, we have stepped forward to develop a catalytically viable, chemically stable, and universally applicable hydrogen peroxide sensor by checking the kinetics, stability and repeatability of GCE/Nafion/Ni surface.Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Nickel sulfate hexahidrate (NiSO4·6H2O), Nafion solution were received from Sigma Aldrich for this research work. We refrained from extensive refinement of these chemical ingredients as the exporter ensures annular grade chemicals. For preparing the solutions, deionized water with resistivity nearly 18 M Ohm cm−1 was used. Regarding instrumental support for electrochemical experiments, the widely accepted formal three electrode system combined with Autolab potentiostat (PGSTST 128 N, The Netherlands) and Wave Driver 10 (Pine Incorp., USA) were used. For experimental purposes, a 3 mm diameter glassy carbon electrode (GCE) protected with a Teflon layer had been used primarily. Further modification of the GCE was executed to fabricate the practicable working electrode. In this research, a Pt wire was used as a counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl) was used as reference electrode. Hence, all the potentials mentioned in this article are presented with respect to Ag/AgCl(sat. KCl) reference electrode.The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia has funded this project, under grant no. (KEP-53-130-42). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support. Funding Information: The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia has funded this project, under grant no. (KEP-53-130-42). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support. . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier B.V.",
year = "2022",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123202",
language = "English",
volume = "240",
journal = "Talanta",
issn = "0039-9140",
publisher = "Elsevier",
}