Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation

B. K. Shin; H. Tokuno; Y. Tsunesada; T. Abu-Zayyad; R. Aida; M. Allen; R. Anderson; R. Azuma; E. Barcikowski; J. W. Belz; D. R. Bergman; S. A. Blake; R. Cady; B. G. Cheon; J. Chiba; M. Chikawa; E. J. Cho; W. R. Cho; H. Fujii; T. Fujii; T. Fukuda; M. Fukushima; W. Hanlon; K. Hayashi; Y. Hayashi; N. Hayashida; K. Hibino; K. Hiyama; K. Honda; T. Iguchi; D. Ikeda; K. Ikuta; N. Inoue; T. Ishii; R. Ishimori; D. Ivanov; S. Iwamoto; C. C H Jui; K. Kadota; F. Kakimoto; O. Kalashev; T. Kanbe; K. Kasahara; H. Kawai; S. Kawakami; S. Kawana; E. Kido; H. B. Kim; H. K. Kim; J. H. Kim; J. H. Kim; K. Kitamoto; S. Kitamura; Y. Kitamura; K. Kobayashi; Y. Kobayashi; Y. Kondo; K. Kuramoto; V. Kuzmin; Y. J. Kwon; S. I. Lim; S. Machida; K. Martens; J. Martineau; T. Matsuda; T. Matsuura; T. Matsuyama; J. N. Matthews; I. Myers; M. Minamino; K. Miyata; Y. Murano; K. Nagasawa; S. Nagataki; T. Nakamura; S. W. Nam; T. Nonaka; S. Ogio; M. Ohnishi; H. Ohoka; K. Oki; D. Oku; T. Okuda; A. Oshima; Shunsuke Ozawa; I. H. Park; M. S. Pshirkov; D. C. Rodriguez; S. Y. Roh; G. Rubtsov; D. Ryu; H. Sagawa; N. Sakurai; A. L. Sampson; L. M. Scott; P. D. Shah; F. Shibata; T. Shibata; H. Shimodaira; J. I. Shin; T. Shirahama; J. D. Smith; P. Sokolsky; T. J. Sonley; R. W. Springer; B. T. Stokes; S. R. Stratton; T. Stroman; S. Suzuki; Y. Takahashi; M. Takeda; A. Taketa; M. Takita; Y. Tameda; H. Tanaka; K. Tanaka; M. Tanaka; S. B. Thomas; G. B. Thomson; P. Tinyakov; I. Tkachev; T. Tomida; S. Troitsky; K. Tsutsumi; Y. Tsuyuguchi; Y. Uchihori; S. Udo; H. Ukai; G. Vasiloff; Y. Wada; T. Wong; M. Wood; Y. Yamakawa; R. Yamane; H. Yamaoka; K. Yamazaki; J. Yang; Y. Yoneda; S. Yoshida; H. Yoshii; X. Zhou; R. Zollinger; Z. Zundel

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059

Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation

B. K. Shin^*, H. Tokuno, Y. Tsunesada, T. Abu-Zayyad, R. Aida, M. Allen, R. Anderson, R. Azuma, E. Barcikowski, J. W. Belz, D. R. Bergman, S. A. Blake, R. Cady, B. G. Cheon, J. Chiba, M. Chikawa, E. J. Cho, W. R. Cho, H. Fujii, T. FujiiT. Fukuda, M. Fukushima, W. Hanlon, K. Hayashi, Y. Hayashi, N. Hayashida, K. Hibino, K. Hiyama, K. Honda, T. Iguchi, D. Ikeda, K. Ikuta, N. Inoue, T. Ishii, R. Ishimori, D. Ivanov, S. Iwamoto, C. C H Jui, K. Kadota, F. Kakimoto, O. Kalashev, T. Kanbe, K. Kasahara, H. Kawai, S. Kawakami, S. Kawana, E. Kido, H. B. Kim, H. K. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, K. Kitamoto, S. Kitamura, Y. Kitamura, K. Kobayashi, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Kondo, K. Kuramoto, V. Kuzmin, Y. J. Kwon, S. I. Lim, S. Machida, K. Martens, J. Martineau, T. Matsuda, T. Matsuura, T. Matsuyama, J. N. Matthews, I. Myers, M. Minamino, K. Miyata, Y. Murano, K. Nagasawa, S. Nagataki, T. Nakamura, S. W. Nam, T. Nonaka, S. Ogio, M. Ohnishi, H. Ohoka, K. Oki, D. Oku, T. Okuda, A. Oshima, Shunsuke Ozawa, I. H. Park, M. S. Pshirkov, D. C. Rodriguez, S. Y. Roh, G. Rubtsov, D. Ryu, H. Sagawa, N. Sakurai, A. L. Sampson, L. M. Scott, P. D. Shah, F. Shibata, T. Shibata, H. Shimodaira, J. I. Shin, T. Shirahama, J. D. Smith, P. Sokolsky, T. J. Sonley, R. W. Springer, B. T. Stokes, S. R. Stratton, T. Stroman, S. Suzuki, Y. Takahashi, M. Takeda, A. Taketa, M. Takita, Y. Tameda, H. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, S. B. Thomas, G. B. Thomson, P. Tinyakov, I. Tkachev, T. Tomida, S. Troitsky, K. Tsutsumi, Y. Tsuyuguchi, Y. Uchihori, S. Udo, H. Ukai, G. Vasiloff, Y. Wada, T. Wong, M. Wood, Y. Yamakawa, R. Yamane, H. Yamaoka, K. Yamazaki, J. Yang, Y. Yoneda, S. Yoshida, H. Yoshii, X. Zhou, R. Zollinger, Z. Zundel

^*Corresponding author for this work

Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

9 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The stability of the gain of the photomultiplier (PMT) camera for the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Telescope Array experiment was monitored using an ²⁴¹Am loaded scintillator pulsers (YAP) and a diffused xenon flasher (TXF) for a selected set of 35 PMT-readout channels. From the monitoring of YAP pulses over four years of FD operation, we found slow monotonic drifts of PMT gains at a rate of -1.7∼+1.7%/year. An average of the PMT gains over the 35 channels stayed nearly constant with a rate of change measured at -0.01±0.31(stat)±0.21(sys)%/year. No systematic decrease of the PMT gain caused by the night sky background was observed. Monitoring by the TXF also tracked the PMT gain drift of the YAP at 0.88±0.14(stat)%/year.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	96-103
Number of pages	8
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	768
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059
Publication status	Published - 2014 Dec 21

Keywords

Air fluorescence telescope
Calibration of photomultiplier
Ultra-high energy cosmic rays

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Instrumentation
Nuclear and High Energy Physics

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10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059

Cite this

Shin, B. K., Tokuno, H., Tsunesada, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Aida, R., Allen, M., Anderson, R., Azuma, R., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., Cho, E. J., Cho, W. R., Fujii, H., ... Zundel, Z. (2014). Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 768, 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059

Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation. / Shin, B. K.; Tokuno, H.; Tsunesada, Y. et al.
In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 768, 21.12.2014, p. 96-103.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Shin, BK, Tokuno, H, Tsunesada, Y, Abu-Zayyad, T, Aida, R, Allen, M, Anderson, R, Azuma, R, Barcikowski, E, Belz, JW, Bergman, DR, Blake, SA, Cady, R, Cheon, BG, Chiba, J, Chikawa, M, Cho, EJ, Cho, WR, Fujii, H, Fujii, T, Fukuda, T, Fukushima, M, Hanlon, W, Hayashi, K, Hayashi, Y, Hayashida, N, Hibino, K, Hiyama, K, Honda, K, Iguchi, T, Ikeda, D, Ikuta, K, Inoue, N, Ishii, T, Ishimori, R, Ivanov, D, Iwamoto, S, Jui, CCH, Kadota, K, Kakimoto, F, Kalashev, O, Kanbe, T, Kasahara, K, Kawai, H, Kawakami, S, Kawana, S, Kido, E, Kim, HB, Kim, HK, Kim, JH, Kim, JH, Kitamoto, K, Kitamura, S, Kitamura, Y, Kobayashi, K, Kobayashi, Y, Kondo, Y, Kuramoto, K, Kuzmin, V, Kwon, YJ, Lim, SI, Machida, S, Martens, K, Martineau, J, Matsuda, T, Matsuura, T, Matsuyama, T, Matthews, JN, Myers, I, Minamino, M, Miyata, K, Murano, Y, Nagasawa, K, Nagataki, S, Nakamura, T, Nam, SW, Nonaka, T, Ogio, S, Ohnishi, M, Ohoka, H, Oki, K, Oku, D, Okuda, T, Oshima, A, Ozawa, S, Park, IH, Pshirkov, MS, Rodriguez, DC, Roh, SY, Rubtsov, G, Ryu, D, Sagawa, H, Sakurai, N, Sampson, AL, Scott, LM, Shah, PD, Shibata, F, Shibata, T, Shimodaira, H, Shin, JI, Shirahama, T, Smith, JD, Sokolsky, P, Sonley, TJ, Springer, RW, Stokes, BT, Stratton, SR, Stroman, T, Suzuki, S, Takahashi, Y, Takeda, M, Taketa, A, Takita, M, Tameda, Y, Tanaka, H, Tanaka, K, Tanaka, M, Thomas, SB, Thomson, GB, Tinyakov, P, Tkachev, I, Tomida, T, Troitsky, S, Tsutsumi, K, Tsuyuguchi, Y, Uchihori, Y, Udo, S, Ukai, H, Vasiloff, G, Wada, Y, Wong, T, Wood, M, Yamakawa, Y, Yamane, R, Yamaoka, H, Yamazaki, K, Yang, J, Yoneda, Y, Yoshida, S, Yoshii, H, Zhou, X, Zollinger, R & Zundel, Z 2014, 'Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 768, pp. 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059

@article{a53a9ea853d54ccda73b10d0c75e1006,

title = "Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation",

abstract = "The stability of the gain of the photomultiplier (PMT) camera for the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Telescope Array experiment was monitored using an 241Am loaded scintillator pulsers (YAP) and a diffused xenon flasher (TXF) for a selected set of 35 PMT-readout channels. From the monitoring of YAP pulses over four years of FD operation, we found slow monotonic drifts of PMT gains at a rate of -1.7∼+1.7%/year. An average of the PMT gains over the 35 channels stayed nearly constant with a rate of change measured at -0.01±0.31(stat)±0.21(sys)%/year. No systematic decrease of the PMT gain caused by the night sky background was observed. Monitoring by the TXF also tracked the PMT gain drift of the YAP at 0.88±0.14(stat)%/year.",

keywords = "Air fluorescence telescope, Calibration of photomultiplier, Ultra-high energy cosmic rays",

author = "Shin, {B. K.} and H. Tokuno and Y. Tsunesada and T. Abu-Zayyad and R. Aida and M. Allen and R. Anderson and R. Azuma and E. Barcikowski and Belz, {J. W.} and Bergman, {D. R.} and Blake, {S. A.} and R. Cady and Cheon, {B. G.} and J. Chiba and M. Chikawa and Cho, {E. J.} and Cho, {W. R.} and H. Fujii and T. Fujii and T. Fukuda and M. Fukushima and W. Hanlon and K. Hayashi and Y. Hayashi and N. Hayashida and K. Hibino and K. Hiyama and K. Honda and T. Iguchi and D. Ikeda and K. Ikuta and N. Inoue and T. Ishii and R. Ishimori and D. Ivanov and S. Iwamoto and Jui, {C. C H} and K. Kadota and F. Kakimoto and O. Kalashev and T. Kanbe and K. Kasahara and H. Kawai and S. Kawakami and S. Kawana and E. Kido and Kim, {H. B.} and Kim, {H. K.} and Kim, {J. H.} and Kim, {J. H.} and K. Kitamoto and S. Kitamura and Y. Kitamura and K. Kobayashi and Y. Kobayashi and Y. Kondo and K. Kuramoto and V. Kuzmin and Kwon, {Y. J.} and Lim, {S. I.} and S. Machida and K. Martens and J. Martineau and T. Matsuda and T. Matsuura and T. Matsuyama and Matthews, {J. N.} and I. Myers and M. Minamino and K. Miyata and Y. Murano and K. Nagasawa and S. Nagataki and T. Nakamura and Nam, {S. W.} and T. Nonaka and S. Ogio and M. Ohnishi and H. Ohoka and K. Oki and D. Oku and T. Okuda and A. Oshima and Shunsuke Ozawa and Park, {I. H.} and Pshirkov, {M. S.} and Rodriguez, {D. C.} and Roh, {S. Y.} and G. Rubtsov and D. Ryu and H. Sagawa and N. Sakurai and Sampson, {A. L.} and Scott, {L. M.} and Shah, {P. D.} and F. Shibata and T. Shibata and H. Shimodaira and Shin, {J. I.} and T. Shirahama and Smith, {J. D.} and P. Sokolsky and Sonley, {T. J.} and Springer, {R. W.} and Stokes, {B. T.} and Stratton, {S. R.} and T. Stroman and S. Suzuki and Y. Takahashi and M. Takeda and A. Taketa and M. Takita and Y. Tameda and H. Tanaka and K. Tanaka and M. Tanaka and Thomas, {S. B.} and Thomson, {G. B.} and P. Tinyakov and I. Tkachev and T. Tomida and S. Troitsky and K. Tsutsumi and Y. Tsuyuguchi and Y. Uchihori and S. Udo and H. Ukai and G. Vasiloff and Y. Wada and T. Wong and M. Wood and Y. Yamakawa and R. Yamane and H. Yamaoka and K. Yamazaki and J. Yang and Y. Yoneda and S. Yoshida and H. Yoshii and X. Zhou and R. Zollinger and Z. Zundel",

year = "2014",

month = dec,

day = "21",

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059",

language = "English",

volume = "768",

pages = "96--103",

journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",

issn = "0168-9002",

publisher = "Elsevier",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation

AU - Shin, B. K.

AU - Tokuno, H.

AU - Tsunesada, Y.

AU - Abu-Zayyad, T.

AU - Aida, R.

AU - Allen, M.

AU - Anderson, R.

AU - Azuma, R.

AU - Barcikowski, E.

AU - Belz, J. W.

AU - Bergman, D. R.

AU - Blake, S. A.

AU - Cady, R.

AU - Cheon, B. G.

AU - Chiba, J.

AU - Chikawa, M.

AU - Cho, E. J.

AU - Cho, W. R.

AU - Fujii, H.

AU - Fujii, T.

AU - Fukuda, T.

AU - Fukushima, M.

AU - Hanlon, W.

AU - Hayashi, K.

AU - Hayashi, Y.

AU - Hayashida, N.

AU - Hibino, K.

AU - Hiyama, K.

AU - Honda, K.

AU - Iguchi, T.

AU - Ikeda, D.

AU - Ikuta, K.

AU - Inoue, N.

AU - Ishii, T.

AU - Ishimori, R.

AU - Ivanov, D.

AU - Iwamoto, S.

AU - Jui, C. C H

AU - Kadota, K.

AU - Kakimoto, F.

AU - Kalashev, O.

AU - Kanbe, T.

AU - Kasahara, K.

AU - Kawai, H.

AU - Kawakami, S.

AU - Kawana, S.

AU - Kido, E.

AU - Kim, H. B.

AU - Kim, H. K.

AU - Kim, J. H.

AU - Kitamoto, K.

AU - Kitamura, S.

AU - Kitamura, Y.

AU - Kobayashi, K.

AU - Kobayashi, Y.

AU - Kondo, Y.

AU - Kuramoto, K.

AU - Kuzmin, V.

AU - Kwon, Y. J.

AU - Lim, S. I.

AU - Machida, S.

AU - Martens, K.

AU - Martineau, J.

AU - Matsuda, T.

AU - Matsuura, T.

AU - Matsuyama, T.

AU - Matthews, J. N.

AU - Myers, I.

AU - Minamino, M.

AU - Miyata, K.

AU - Murano, Y.

AU - Nagasawa, K.

AU - Nagataki, S.

AU - Nakamura, T.

AU - Nam, S. W.

AU - Nonaka, T.

AU - Ogio, S.

AU - Ohnishi, M.

AU - Ohoka, H.

AU - Oki, K.

AU - Oku, D.

AU - Okuda, T.

AU - Oshima, A.

AU - Ozawa, Shunsuke

AU - Park, I. H.

AU - Pshirkov, M. S.

AU - Rodriguez, D. C.

AU - Roh, S. Y.

AU - Rubtsov, G.

AU - Ryu, D.

AU - Sagawa, H.

AU - Sakurai, N.

AU - Sampson, A. L.

AU - Scott, L. M.

AU - Shah, P. D.

AU - Shibata, F.

AU - Shibata, T.

AU - Shimodaira, H.

AU - Shin, J. I.

AU - Shirahama, T.

AU - Smith, J. D.

AU - Sokolsky, P.

AU - Sonley, T. J.

AU - Springer, R. W.

AU - Stokes, B. T.

AU - Stratton, S. R.

AU - Stroman, T.

AU - Suzuki, S.

AU - Takahashi, Y.

AU - Takeda, M.

AU - Taketa, A.

AU - Takita, M.

AU - Tameda, Y.

AU - Tanaka, H.

AU - Tanaka, K.

AU - Tanaka, M.

AU - Thomas, S. B.

AU - Thomson, G. B.

AU - Tinyakov, P.

AU - Tkachev, I.

AU - Tomida, T.

AU - Troitsky, S.

AU - Tsutsumi, K.

AU - Tsuyuguchi, Y.

AU - Uchihori, Y.

AU - Udo, S.

AU - Ukai, H.

AU - Vasiloff, G.

AU - Wada, Y.

AU - Wong, T.

AU - Wood, M.

AU - Yamakawa, Y.

AU - Yamane, R.

AU - Yamaoka, H.

AU - Yamazaki, K.

AU - Yang, J.

AU - Yoneda, Y.

AU - Yoshida, S.

AU - Yoshii, H.

AU - Zhou, X.

AU - Zollinger, R.

AU - Zundel, Z.

PY - 2014/12/21

Y1 - 2014/12/21

N2 - The stability of the gain of the photomultiplier (PMT) camera for the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Telescope Array experiment was monitored using an 241Am loaded scintillator pulsers (YAP) and a diffused xenon flasher (TXF) for a selected set of 35 PMT-readout channels. From the monitoring of YAP pulses over four years of FD operation, we found slow monotonic drifts of PMT gains at a rate of -1.7∼+1.7%/year. An average of the PMT gains over the 35 channels stayed nearly constant with a rate of change measured at -0.01±0.31(stat)±0.21(sys)%/year. No systematic decrease of the PMT gain caused by the night sky background was observed. Monitoring by the TXF also tracked the PMT gain drift of the YAP at 0.88±0.14(stat)%/year.

AB - The stability of the gain of the photomultiplier (PMT) camera for the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Telescope Array experiment was monitored using an 241Am loaded scintillator pulsers (YAP) and a diffused xenon flasher (TXF) for a selected set of 35 PMT-readout channels. From the monitoring of YAP pulses over four years of FD operation, we found slow monotonic drifts of PMT gains at a rate of -1.7∼+1.7%/year. An average of the PMT gains over the 35 channels stayed nearly constant with a rate of change measured at -0.01±0.31(stat)±0.21(sys)%/year. No systematic decrease of the PMT gain caused by the night sky background was observed. Monitoring by the TXF also tracked the PMT gain drift of the YAP at 0.88±0.14(stat)%/year.

KW - Air fluorescence telescope

KW - Calibration of photomultiplier

KW - Ultra-high energy cosmic rays

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84907997555&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84907997555&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2014.09.059

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84907997555

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 768

SP - 96

EP - 103

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

ER -

Gain monitoring of telescope array photomultiplier cameras for the first 4 years of operation

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