TY - JOUR
T1 - High extinction ratio mach-zehnder modulator applied to a highly stable optical signal generator
AU - Kiuchi, Hitoshi
AU - Kawanishi, Tetsuya
AU - Yamada, Masumi
AU - Sakamoto, Takahide
AU - Tsuchiya, Masahiro
AU - Amagai, Jun
AU - Izutsu, Masayuki
N1 - Funding Information:
and educational and research support to Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Philips Respironics, Inc. and Alexandra Drane, which supported in part the survey administration and analysis. Mark É. Czeisler reports a grant from the Australian-American Fulbright Commission. Mark E. Howard reports a grant from the Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Australia. Shantha M.W. Rajaratnam reports a grant from the Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia. Charles A. Czeisler, Joshua F. Wiley, Matthew D. Weaver, Mark É. Czeisler, Mark E. Howard, and Shantha M.W. Rajaratnam report contributions by Archangels for the screener used to determine unpaid caregiver status in the survey and a grant to Monash University from Whoop, Inc. that supported in part the administration of the survey in June. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Funding Information:
Survey respondents; Mallory Colys, Sneha Baste, Daniel Chong, Rebecca Toll, Qualtrics, LLC; Jaswinder Legha, Lisa D. Wiggins, Brooke Hoots, Theresa Armstead, CDC; Rebecca Robbins, Laura K. Barger, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Elise R. Facer-Childs, Monash University; Alexandra Drane, Sarah Stephens Winnay, Archangels; Emily Capodilupo, Whoop, Inc.; The Kinghorn Foundation; Australian-American Fulbright Commission.
PY - 2007/9
Y1 - 2007/9
N2 - Research into optical modulators has made remarkable progress in recent years. This paper discusses the possibility of applying the high extinction ratio optical modulator to a high-stability and high-frequency (over 100 GHz) optical reference signal generator. High-frequency reference signals are generated by a highly stable optical two-tone generator, which is used for high-rate communication and astronomical application. One method to generate two optical signals is producing them from a pair of laser sources using an optical phase-locked loop for feed back control; however, the optical phase-locked loop has a stability problem in its operation. A good alternative method to the optical phase-locked scheme is the LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder (MZ) optical intensity modulator, which is capable of generating two highly stable optical signals (upper sideband and lower sideband components) by applying a sinusoidal microwave signal to an input laser signal. The two optical signals require phase stability better than 10-13 in the Allan standard deviation, vibration robustness, and polarization maintaining capability. The signal coherence loss estimated from the phase stability of the two optical signals generated by the MZ modulator shows that the optical MZ modulator has the ability to generate highly stable optical signals.
AB - Research into optical modulators has made remarkable progress in recent years. This paper discusses the possibility of applying the high extinction ratio optical modulator to a high-stability and high-frequency (over 100 GHz) optical reference signal generator. High-frequency reference signals are generated by a highly stable optical two-tone generator, which is used for high-rate communication and astronomical application. One method to generate two optical signals is producing them from a pair of laser sources using an optical phase-locked loop for feed back control; however, the optical phase-locked loop has a stability problem in its operation. A good alternative method to the optical phase-locked scheme is the LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder (MZ) optical intensity modulator, which is capable of generating two highly stable optical signals (upper sideband and lower sideband components) by applying a sinusoidal microwave signal to an input laser signal. The two optical signals require phase stability better than 10-13 in the Allan standard deviation, vibration robustness, and polarization maintaining capability. The signal coherence loss estimated from the phase stability of the two optical signals generated by the MZ modulator shows that the optical MZ modulator has the ability to generate highly stable optical signals.
KW - Allan variance
KW - High-frequency signal generator
KW - Lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator
KW - Phase stability
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U2 - 10.1109/TMTT.2007.904070
DO - 10.1109/TMTT.2007.904070
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:34548528443
SN - 0018-9480
VL - 55
SP - 1964
EP - 1971
JO - IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
JF - IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
IS - 9
ER -