Primary proton spectrum around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment

M. Amenomori; S. Ayabe; D. Chen; S. W. Cui; Danzengluobu; L. K. Ding; X. H. Ding; C. F. Feng; Z. Y. Feng; X. Y. Gao; Q. X. Geng; H. W. Guo; H. H. He; M. He; K. Hibino; N. Hotta; Haibing Hu; H. B. Hu; J. Huang; Q. Huang; H. Y. Jia; F. Kajino; K. Kasahara; Y. Katayose; C. Kato; K. Kawata; Labaciren; G. M. Le; J. Y. Li; H. Lu; S. L. Lu; X. R. Meng; K. Mizutani; J. Mu; K. Munakata; A. Nagai; H. Nanjo; M. Nishizawa; M. Ohnishi; I. Ohta; H. Onuma; T. Ouchi; Shunsuke Ozawa; J. R. Ren; T. Saito; M. Sakata; T. Sasaki; M. Shibata; A. Shiomi; T. Shirai; H. Sugimoto; M. Takita; Y. H. Tan; N. Tateyama; Shoji Torii; H. Tsuchiya; S. Udo; H. Wang; X. Wang; Y. G. Wang; H. R. Wu; L. Xue; Y. Yamamoto; C. T. Yan; X. C. Yang; S. Yasue; Z. H. Ye; G. C. Yu; A. F. Yuan; T. Yuda; H. M. Zhang; J. L. Zhang; N. J. Zhang; X. Y. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Yi Zhang; Zhaxisangzhu; X. X. Zhou

doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018

Primary proton spectrum around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment

M. Amenomori, S. Ayabe, D. Chen, S. W. Cui, Danzengluobu, L. K. Ding, X. H. Ding, C. F. Feng, Z. Y. Feng, X. Y. Gao, Q. X. Geng, H. W. Guo, H. H. He, M. He, K. Hibino, N. Hotta, Haibing Hu, H. B. Hu, J. Huang^*, Q. HuangH. Y. Jia, F. Kajino, K. Kasahara, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, K. Kawata, Labaciren, G. M. Le, J. Y. Li, H. Lu, S. L. Lu, X. R. Meng, K. Mizutani, J. Mu, K. Munakata, A. Nagai, H. Nanjo, M. Nishizawa, M. Ohnishi, I. Ohta, H. Onuma, T. Ouchi, Shunsuke Ozawa, J. R. Ren, T. Saito, M. Sakata, T. Sasaki, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, T. Shirai, H. Sugimoto, M. Takita, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, Shoji Torii, H. Tsuchiya, S. Udo, H. Wang, X. Wang, Y. G. Wang, H. R. Wu, L. Xue, Y. Yamamoto, C. T. Yan, X. C. Yang, S. Yasue, Z. H. Ye, G. C. Yu, A. F. Yuan, T. Yuda, H. M. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, N. J. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Zhaxisangzhu, X. X. Zhou

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

9 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Simultaneous observation of γ-families and their accompanying air showers was performed at Yangbajing (4300 m above sea level) in Tibet with the emulsion chambers and burst detectors which were linked with the Tibet-II air-shower array. For three years operation, we observed 177 γ-families (∑E_γ > 20 TeV) accompanying air showers with the size N_e > 2 × 10⁵. Using this data and the simulation code CORSIKA, we obtained the primary proton spectrum in the energy range of 10¹⁵-10¹⁶ eV. The slope of the observed spectrum is steeper than that extrapolated smoothly from the lower energy region below 10¹⁴ eV, irrespective of the interaction models assumed in the simulation. The uncertainty of the absolute flux of protons due to the interaction model dependence involved in the simulation codes is at most 30%, which is much weaker than results of other air-shower experiments. Our experiment shows low intensity of light components (proton and helium) independent of the interaction models suggesting that the main component responsible for making the knee structure of the all-particle spectrum is composed of nuclei heavier than helium. This is the first measurement of the differential energy spectra of primary protons by selecting them event by event at the knee energy region.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1938-1943
Number of pages	6
Journal	Advances in Space Research
Volume	37
Issue number	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018
Publication status	Published - 2006

Keywords

γ-Family
Cosmic rays
Knee region
Neural network
Proton

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Space and Planetary Science
Astronomy and Astrophysics

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10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018

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Amenomori, M., Ayabe, S., Chen, D., Cui, S. W., Danzengluobu, Ding, L. K., Ding, X. H., Feng, C. F., Feng, Z. Y., Gao, X. Y., Geng, Q. X., Guo, H. W., He, H. H., He, M., Hibino, K., Hotta, N., Hu, H., Hu, H. B., Huang, J., ... Zhou, X. X. (2006). Primary proton spectrum around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment. Advances in Space Research, 37(10), 1938-1943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018

Amenomori, M, Ayabe, S, Chen, D, Cui, SW, Danzengluobu, Ding, LK, Ding, XH, Feng, CF, Feng, ZY, Gao, XY, Geng, QX, Guo, HW, He, HH, He, M, Hibino, K, Hotta, N, Hu, H, Hu, HB, Huang, J, Huang, Q, Jia, HY, Kajino, F, Kasahara, K, Katayose, Y, Kato, C, Kawata, K, Labaciren, Le, GM, Li, JY, Lu, H, Lu, SL, Meng, XR, Mizutani, K, Mu, J, Munakata, K, Nagai, A, Nanjo, H, Nishizawa, M, Ohnishi, M, Ohta, I, Onuma, H, Ouchi, T, Ozawa, S, Ren, JR, Saito, T, Sakata, M, Sasaki, T, Shibata, M, Shiomi, A, Shirai, T, Sugimoto, H, Takita, M, Tan, YH, Tateyama, N, Torii, S, Tsuchiya, H, Udo, S, Wang, H, Wang, X, Wang, YG, Wu, HR, Xue, L, Yamamoto, Y, Yan, CT, Yang, XC, Yasue, S, Ye, ZH, Yu, GC, Yuan, AF, Yuda, T, Zhang, HM, Zhang, JL, Zhang, NJ, Zhang, XY, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Y, Zhaxisangzhu & Zhou, XX 2006, 'Primary proton spectrum around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment', Advances in Space Research, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1938-1943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018

@article{53bbe9a82c9948d8918d85f580526c76,

title = "Primary proton spectrum around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment",

abstract = "Simultaneous observation of γ-families and their accompanying air showers was performed at Yangbajing (4300 m above sea level) in Tibet with the emulsion chambers and burst detectors which were linked with the Tibet-II air-shower array. For three years operation, we observed 177 γ-families (∑Eγ > 20 TeV) accompanying air showers with the size Ne > 2 × 105. Using this data and the simulation code CORSIKA, we obtained the primary proton spectrum in the energy range of 1015-1016 eV. The slope of the observed spectrum is steeper than that extrapolated smoothly from the lower energy region below 1014 eV, irrespective of the interaction models assumed in the simulation. The uncertainty of the absolute flux of protons due to the interaction model dependence involved in the simulation codes is at most 30%, which is much weaker than results of other air-shower experiments. Our experiment shows low intensity of light components (proton and helium) independent of the interaction models suggesting that the main component responsible for making the knee structure of the all-particle spectrum is composed of nuclei heavier than helium. This is the first measurement of the differential energy spectra of primary protons by selecting them event by event at the knee energy region.",

keywords = "γ-Family, Cosmic rays, Knee region, Neural network, Proton",

author = "M. Amenomori and S. Ayabe and D. Chen and Cui, {S. W.} and Danzengluobu and Ding, {L. K.} and Ding, {X. H.} and Feng, {C. F.} and Feng, {Z. Y.} and Gao, {X. Y.} and Geng, {Q. X.} and Guo, {H. W.} and He, {H. H.} and M. He and K. Hibino and N. Hotta and Haibing Hu and Hu, {H. B.} and J. Huang and Q. Huang and Jia, {H. Y.} and F. Kajino and K. Kasahara and Y. Katayose and C. Kato and K. Kawata and Labaciren and Le, {G. M.} and Li, {J. Y.} and H. Lu and Lu, {S. L.} and Meng, {X. R.} and K. Mizutani and J. Mu and K. Munakata and A. Nagai and H. Nanjo and M. Nishizawa and M. Ohnishi and I. Ohta and H. Onuma and T. Ouchi and Shunsuke Ozawa and Ren, {J. R.} and T. Saito and M. Sakata and T. Sasaki and M. Shibata and A. Shiomi and T. Shirai and H. Sugimoto and M. Takita and Tan, {Y. H.} and N. Tateyama and Shoji Torii and H. Tsuchiya and S. Udo and H. Wang and X. Wang and Wang, {Y. G.} and Wu, {H. R.} and L. Xue and Y. Yamamoto and Yan, {C. T.} and Yang, {X. C.} and S. Yasue and Ye, {Z. H.} and Yu, {G. C.} and Yuan, {A. F.} and T. Yuda and Zhang, {H. M.} and Zhang, {J. L.} and Zhang, {N. J.} and Zhang, {X. Y.} and Y. Zhang and Yi Zhang and Zhaxisangzhu and Zhou, {X. X.}",

year = "2006",

doi = "10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018",

language = "English",

volume = "37",

pages = "1938--1943",

journal = "Advances in Space Research",

issn = "0273-1177",

publisher = "Elsevier Limited",

number = "10",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Primary proton spectrum around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment

AU - Amenomori, M.

AU - Ayabe, S.

AU - Chen, D.

AU - Cui, S. W.

AU - Danzengluobu,

AU - Ding, L. K.

AU - Ding, X. H.

AU - Feng, C. F.

AU - Feng, Z. Y.

AU - Gao, X. Y.

AU - Geng, Q. X.

AU - Guo, H. W.

AU - He, H. H.

AU - He, M.

AU - Hibino, K.

AU - Hotta, N.

AU - Hu, Haibing

AU - Hu, H. B.

AU - Huang, J.

AU - Huang, Q.

AU - Jia, H. Y.

AU - Kajino, F.

AU - Kasahara, K.

AU - Katayose, Y.

AU - Kato, C.

AU - Kawata, K.

AU - Labaciren,

AU - Le, G. M.

AU - Li, J. Y.

AU - Lu, H.

AU - Lu, S. L.

AU - Meng, X. R.

AU - Mizutani, K.

AU - Mu, J.

AU - Munakata, K.

AU - Nagai, A.

AU - Nanjo, H.

AU - Nishizawa, M.

AU - Ohnishi, M.

AU - Ohta, I.

AU - Onuma, H.

AU - Ouchi, T.

AU - Ozawa, Shunsuke

AU - Ren, J. R.

AU - Saito, T.

AU - Sakata, M.

AU - Sasaki, T.

AU - Shibata, M.

AU - Shiomi, A.

AU - Shirai, T.

AU - Sugimoto, H.

AU - Takita, M.

AU - Tan, Y. H.

AU - Tateyama, N.

AU - Torii, Shoji

AU - Tsuchiya, H.

AU - Udo, S.

AU - Wang, H.

AU - Wang, X.

AU - Wang, Y. G.

AU - Wu, H. R.

AU - Xue, L.

AU - Yamamoto, Y.

AU - Yan, C. T.

AU - Yang, X. C.

AU - Yasue, S.

AU - Ye, Z. H.

AU - Yu, G. C.

AU - Yuan, A. F.

AU - Yuda, T.

AU - Zhang, H. M.

AU - Zhang, J. L.

AU - Zhang, N. J.

AU - Zhang, X. Y.

AU - Zhang, Y.

AU - Zhang, Yi

AU - Zhaxisangzhu,

AU - Zhou, X. X.

PY - 2006

Y1 - 2006

N2 - Simultaneous observation of γ-families and their accompanying air showers was performed at Yangbajing (4300 m above sea level) in Tibet with the emulsion chambers and burst detectors which were linked with the Tibet-II air-shower array. For three years operation, we observed 177 γ-families (∑Eγ > 20 TeV) accompanying air showers with the size Ne > 2 × 105. Using this data and the simulation code CORSIKA, we obtained the primary proton spectrum in the energy range of 1015-1016 eV. The slope of the observed spectrum is steeper than that extrapolated smoothly from the lower energy region below 1014 eV, irrespective of the interaction models assumed in the simulation. The uncertainty of the absolute flux of protons due to the interaction model dependence involved in the simulation codes is at most 30%, which is much weaker than results of other air-shower experiments. Our experiment shows low intensity of light components (proton and helium) independent of the interaction models suggesting that the main component responsible for making the knee structure of the all-particle spectrum is composed of nuclei heavier than helium. This is the first measurement of the differential energy spectra of primary protons by selecting them event by event at the knee energy region.

AB - Simultaneous observation of γ-families and their accompanying air showers was performed at Yangbajing (4300 m above sea level) in Tibet with the emulsion chambers and burst detectors which were linked with the Tibet-II air-shower array. For three years operation, we observed 177 γ-families (∑Eγ > 20 TeV) accompanying air showers with the size Ne > 2 × 105. Using this data and the simulation code CORSIKA, we obtained the primary proton spectrum in the energy range of 1015-1016 eV. The slope of the observed spectrum is steeper than that extrapolated smoothly from the lower energy region below 1014 eV, irrespective of the interaction models assumed in the simulation. The uncertainty of the absolute flux of protons due to the interaction model dependence involved in the simulation codes is at most 30%, which is much weaker than results of other air-shower experiments. Our experiment shows low intensity of light components (proton and helium) independent of the interaction models suggesting that the main component responsible for making the knee structure of the all-particle spectrum is composed of nuclei heavier than helium. This is the first measurement of the differential energy spectra of primary protons by selecting them event by event at the knee energy region.

KW - γ-Family

KW - Cosmic rays

KW - Knee region

KW - Neural network

KW - Proton

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33744923403&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=33744923403&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018

DO - 10.1016/j.asr.2005.11.018

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:33744923403

SN - 0273-1177

VL - 37

SP - 1938

EP - 1943

JO - Advances in Space Research

JF - Advances in Space Research

IS - 10

ER -

Primary proton spectrum around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment

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Keywords

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