KFRNN: An Effective False Data Injection Attack Detection in Smart Grid Based on Kalman Filter and Recurrent Neural Network

The smart grid is now increasingly dependent on smart devices to operate, which leaves space for cyber attacks. Especially, the intentionally designed false data injection attack (FDIA) can successfully bypass the traditional measurement residual-based bad data detection scheme. Considering that the smart grid data naturally contain linear and nonlinear components, inspired by parallel ensemble learning, especially by the stacking method, this article presents an effective two-level learner-based FDIA detection scheme using the Kalman filter and recurrent neural network (KFRNN). The first level includes two base learners, in which the Kalman filter is used for state prediction to fit linear data, and the recurrent neural network is used to fit the nonlinear data feature. The second-level learner uses the fully connected layer and backpropagation (BP) module to adaptively combine the results of two base learners. Then, through fitting Weibull distribution of the sum of square errors (SSEs) between the observed measurements and the predicted measurements, the dynamic threshold is obtained to judge whether FDIA occurs or not. Comprehensive simulation results show that our scheme has better performance than other neural network-based and ensemble learning-based FDIA detection schemes.