Redox polymers for energy devices

Redox-active polymers arc characterized by a dense population of the electron-releasing and-gaining site that allows efficient redox-gradient driven electron- or charge-transport and-storage throughout the polymer layers via self-exchanging reactions. The redox sites are robust nitroxide and phenoxyl, quinones, viologen, etc. The polymers provide surprisingly high current density beyond 1 A/cm2, to yield very rapid charging, high energy density storage and cyclability in the electrode performance. Organic-based, high-power and flexible batteries arc the application examples. A polymcr-bascd hydrogen carrier utilizing the reversible redox or hydrogenation is also introduced.