@article{ba37b1c562144583b987f76edb32749c,
title = "Stable, efficient p-type doping of graphene by nitric acid",
abstract = "We systematically dope monolayer graphene with different concentrations of nitric acid over a range of temperatures, and analyze the variation of sheet resistance after vacuum annealing up to 300 °C. The optimized HNO3 doping conditions yield sheet resistances as low as 180 Ω sq.−1, which is significantly more stable under vacuum annealing than previously reported values. Raman and photoemission spectroscopy suggest that this stable graphene doping occurs by a bi-modal mechanism. Under mild conditions the dopants are weakly bonded to graphene, but at high acid temperatures and concentrations, the doping is higher and more stable upon post-doping annealing, without causing significant lattice damage. This work shows that large, stable hole concentrations can be induced by transfer doping in graphene.",
author = "Lorenzo D'Arsi{\'e} and Santiago Esconjauregui and Weatherup, {Robert S.} and Xingyi Wu and Arter, {William E.} and Hisashi Sugime and Cinzia Cepek and John Robertson",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge the European project GRAFOL for funding. L. D. acknowledges funding from EPSRC. R. S. W. acknowledges a research fellowship from St. John's College, Cambridge and a Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (Global) under grant ARTIST (no. 656870) from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. X. W. acknowledges a scholarship from the Cambridge Overseas Trust and the Learning, and Research Funding from St John's College Cambridge. W. A. acknowledges funding from EPSRC Cambridge NanoDTC (EP/L015978/1). H. S. acknowledges a research fellowship from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). C. C. acknowledges MIUR (PRIN 2010-2011 No. 2010N3T9M4), the project ABNANOTECH (supported by MIUR, {\textquoteleft}Progetto Premiale 2012{\textquoteright}), and In-Kind (PIK) EX-PROREL for financial support. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Royal Society of Chemistry.",
year = "2016",
doi = "10.1039/c6ra23727d",
language = "English",
volume = "6",
pages = "113185--113192",
journal = "RSC Advances",
issn = "2046-2069",
publisher = "Royal Society of Chemistry",
number = "114",
}