The role of physical activity in the prevention of atherosclerosis: Focus on oxidative stress and oxidised low-density lipoprotein

Oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. A large body of evidence supports the notion that higher intensity and/or longer duration exercise training can reduce many cardiovascular disease risk factors including oxidative stress and oxidised low-density lipoprotein. Although physical activity guidelines suggest that adults should engage in at least 150 min of physical activity each week, estimates in many countries suggest that many individuals do not exercise adequately as per guidelines. It is important to determine the minimum level of physical activity required to reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Thus, the authors conducted a series of investigations to examine the influence of daily physical activity or low-volume exercise training on cardiovascular disease risk factors including oxidative stress markers and oxidised low-density lipoprotein concentration in older adults. We demonstrate that daily physical activity and a low-volume walking program (